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On October 13, 2025, U.S. President Donald Trump, along with leaders from Egypt, Qatar, Turkey, and more than 20 other nations, formally signed a declaration in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, to consolidate the first phase of a ceasefire and peace agreement between Israel and Hamas.
This followed the initial agreements announced on October 8 and 9, 2025, based on Trump’s 20-point plan for Gaza. Notably, neither Israel nor Hamas directly signed the document; instead, they ratified the initial phase through indirect talks mediated by Egypt and Qatar. The first phase includes:
Release of the remaining 20 live Israeli hostages (plus the bodies of four deceased) held by Hamas since October 7, 2023.
Release by Israel of approximately 1,900 Palestinian prisoners and detainees.
Temporary cessation of hostilities, with the withdrawal of Israeli troops to previously agreed-upon lines in Gaza.
Immediate influx of humanitarian aid to Gaza. The plan envisions a gradual progression. Phase 2 involves the demilitarization of Hamas and the governance of Gaza by Palestinian technocrats (possibly appointed with Israeli participation), while Phase 3 focuses on reconstruction (estimated at $53 billion) and broader regional normalization. Trump hailed it as a “historic dawn” for the Middle East, attributing its “peace through strength” approach.
Immediate Impacts (as of October 14-15, 2025)
The signing has reshaped the dynamics of the conflict after two years of war, which claimed the lives of more than 67,000 Palestinians (according to the Gaza Ministry of Health) and 1,200 Israelis.
Aid convoys entered Gaza on October 14 for the first time in months, delivering food, medicine, and water to famine-stricken areas.
Displaced Palestinians in Khan Younis and Gaza City reported initial relief, and UN agencies noted a reduced risk of acute malnutrition. However, aid distribution continues to be hampered by damage to infrastructure.
Rocket fire from Gaza ceased for 24 hours after the signing, and Israeli airstrikes halted. Hezbollah, an ally of Iran, echoed the truce by halting border clashes with Israel.
Iran’s Foreign Ministry issued a cautious statement welcoming the “de-escalation” but vowed to monitor its compliance.
Arab states such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates pledged $10 billion in reconstruction funds, linking them to the demilitarization of Gaza.
The EU and the UN assigned monitoring teams for Phase 2. Trump’s October 13 Knesset speech praised Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu as a “great friend” and highlighted family ties (for example, his daughter Ivanka’s conversion to Judaism), which boosted US-Israel relations.
Global oil prices fell 2% on October 14 amid easing regional tensions, benefiting markets. Gaza’s coastal areas initially attracted investor interest in “preferred economic zones,” although skepticism persists.
As celebrations erupted in Tel Aviv’s Hostage Square and Ramallah, cracks quickly emerged, underscoring the fragility of the agreement.
On the evening of October 14, Hamas spokesmen declared that they would not disarm or relinquish control of Gaza in Phase 2, calling it a “surrender.”
Israel kept the Rafah crossing partially closed, citing “security checks,” sparking Palestinian protests.
Sporadic clashes in northern Gaza left three people dead on October 15, with both sides blaming each other.
Netanyahu faces coalition pressure from far-right ministers such as Itamar Ben-Gvir, who threatened to resign over the alleged concessions.
In the US, Democrats like Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez called it a “photo op,” noting that Biden’s previous efforts had freed 140 hostages without fanfare.
Pro-Palestinian groups denounced the unequal prisoner exchange (20 Israelis versus 1,900 Palestinians) for strengthening the occupation.
In X, reactions were divided. MAGA supporters praised Trump as a “peacemaker” (for example, with posts praising his Nobel Prize campaign), while critics called him “useless” due to the abstention of key parties.
Globally, the Arab world largely welcomed it, but Iran’s Supreme Leader called it a “Zionist trap.”
Trump’s aggressive diplomacy, threatening “contempt” for those who failed to comply, put pressure on Netanyahu, but alienated some EU allies wary of the oversight of the “Peace Board” (chaired by Trump, including Tony Blair).
Hamas’s internal divisions surfaced: exiled leader Khalil al-Hayya backed the deal, but Gaza hardliners resisted.
Freed hostages described the horrors of the tunnels, while freed Palestinians in the West Bank faced social stigma. Gaza’s 2 million residents remain displaced, with 80% of buildings damaged.
Veinticuatro horas después, el acuerdo representa un golpe diplomático para Trump —posiblemente su candidatura al Premio Nobel de la Paz, como lo planteó el presidente de la Cámara de Representantes de Estados Unidos, Mike Johnson—, pero se trata más de un alto el fuego que de una paz integral, evocando las treguas fallidas de noviembre de 2023 y marzo de 2025.
Respalda las afirmaciones sobre la destreza de Trump para negociar, aprovechando el impulso de los Acuerdos de Abraham y la aceptación árabe, pero pasa por alto cuestiones fundamentales: el futuro de Hamás, la gobernanza de Gaza y un Estado palestino (que Netanyahu rechaza).
Los optimistas ven un rayo de esperanza, con los flujos de ayuda y el retorno de rehenes que salvan vidas de inmediato. Los pesimistas, incluidos expertos en Oriente Medio, advierten que se trata de una pausa para el rearme, dada la negativa de Hamás a desarmarse y la postura de Israel en Rafah, que podría desmoronarse para finales de semana.
El éxito depende de su cumplimiento. La mediación de Qatar y Egipto, la presión estadounidense y la financiación internacional. Si la Fase 2 falla, el riesgo de escalada regresa, arrastrando a Irán y Hezbolá.
En última instancia, la verdadera paz exige abordar las aspiraciones palestinas más allá de la sombra de Hamás, una tarea más difícil que las firmas de ayer. Como dijo Trump en Jerusalén: “Esto no estaba en mis planes”, pero la historia aún podría reescribir la baraja.
